URIDINE BENEFITS

Research in this area is still preliminary, necessitating further detailed clinical trials for confirmation,  reported benefits of uridine may include:

- Stimulates neuronal growth, potentially improving learning and memory processes.

- Alleviates symptoms of dry eye syndrome.

- Promotes better sleep quality.

- Offers potential treatment for heart diseases and aids in liver regeneration.

- Positively impacts symptoms of depression and bipolar disorder.

- Reduces nerve pain and accelerates healing of nerve damage.

- Useful in treating lung diseases, including cystic fibrosis, by reducing inflammation and promoting mucus clearance.

- Improves health in HIV-infected patients by helping to prevent side effects of antiretroviral drugs.

Science is the horizon of our knowledge, which is constantly expanding with the discovery of new biological substances and their miraculous roles. One such case is uridine, a component of ribonucleotides that is naturally produced in the human body and is particularly abundant in breast milk. For a long time, it was only part of the structure of RNA, but recent scientific discoveries and studies have attributed to uridine a variety of powers that go beyond a simple genetic role. 

This article discusses the growing scientific interest in uridine, examining its various aspects under research. It delves into the ongoing studies and theories related to uridine, highlighting the interest it has garnered among scientists and healthcare professionals. This piece aims to provide an informative overview of the current scientific exploration surrounding uridine.

1. Learning and memory

In the brain, uridine is used to produce CDP-choline, a well-known memory enhancer, and other brain phospholipids. The results of a study involving 17 healthy volunteers who underwent brain scans show that uridine supplementation increases their brain levels of phosphoethanolamine (PEtn), an important building block of phospholipids [1].

Uridine creates the right environment for increased neuronal plasticity and synapse formation, which can help the brain adapt, learn, remember and regenerate [2, 3].

In cell and animal studies, uridine has been shown to increase neurite outgrowth, a process that helps brain cells grow and regenerate [2, 3].

In the same studies, uridine also increased the amount of synaptic proteins, small molecules located in the cleft or synapse that brain cells use to communicate. When these proteins are reduced, synapses break down. Only later do the brain cells die and memory problems occur, such as in Alzheimer's disease [2, 3, 4].

Finally, uridine strengthened dendritic spines, the "spines" of neurons where memory is thought to be stored [2, 3, 5].

The findings of the two mouse studies were similar. In one of them, uridine monophosphate combined with choline and DHA improved cognitive function. In the other, uridine and DHA increased the levels of phospholipids and synaptic proteins in the brain [6, 7].

One another animal (maze) study suggests that the administration of uridine for five consecutive days prevents REM sleep deprivation-induced deficits in learning and memory [8].

Uridine activates the P2Y2 receptor, which, together with nerve growth factor (NGF), promotes the birth of new neurons and the regeneration of damaged neurons [9, 10].

It is likely that an active P2Y2 receptor primarily protects neurons from injury. It becomes more active under inflammatory conditions, such as when interleukin-1b (IL-1b) levels are high, to protect the brain [9, 11].

Although promising, most of the studies on the effects of uridine on learning and memory have been in animals and cells. Further clinical studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Uridine promotes the birth of new neurons and the formation of new synapses, especially when combined with brain nutrients such as choline and DHA. Human studies have not yet confirmed these findings, but animal studies are encouraging.

2. Depression and bipolar disorder

In a study of seven adolescents with bipolar disorder, uridine prevented symptoms of depression. It may work by improving mitochondrial function, which is thought to be impaired in the bipolar brain [12].

In a study of 17 healthy people, uridine was shown to improve the phospholipid structure of the nerve cell membrane. Membrane phospholipids may be altered in people with bipolar disorder [13].

In addition, in rats, uridine in combination with omega-3 fatty acids alleviated symptoms of depression [14].

Overall, there is insufficient evidence to support a role for uridine in improving depression. Larger and more robust clinical trials are needed.

Preliminary studies suggest that uridine may help alleviate depression and bipolar disorder by improving mitochondrial function and cell membrane health.

3. Nerve pain and nerve damage

In 212 people with peripheral neuropathy, the combination of uridine, folic acid and vitamin B12 significantly reduced the intensity of pain and the number of damaged areas. This finding is supported by another study involving 48 people with carpal tunnel syndrome: a similar combination reduced pain intensity by around 40% [15].

In a study of 400 people, the combination of vitamin B12, uridine and cytidine was effective in reducing nerve pain with only minor side effects (You can read more about the possible side effects of uridine supplements here). This combination worked better than vitamin B12 alone [16].

Uridine also improved the nerve condition of 20 patients with diabetic neuropathy, a long-term nerve damage caused by high blood sugar levels [17].

In another group of human studies, the positive effect of treatment with uridine monophosphate  on the dynamics of changes in pain was noted, a dose-dependent effect was revealed: patients at higher doses (150-300 mg of uridine monophosphate in combination with choline and vitamins complex) showed a more significant regression of pain symptoms compared to the groups that the comparison group who did not receive or receive standard doses. A positive effect of treatment on a decrease in the severity of the neuropathic component of pain was noted [18]. 

Although the benefits of uridine for nerve pain and damage are promising, the evidence supporting the benefits of uridine comes from only a few clinical trials, most of which were conducted in combination with vitamins. More clinical trials using uridine alone are needed to confirm these results.

Uridine, especially in combination with vitamin B12, significantly reduces nerve pain. It may also improve nerve health in people with chronic nerve damage.

4. Lung disease

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder in which the lungs are damaged and form a layer of sticky, persistent mucus that makes breathing difficult.

In 14 cystic fibrosis patients, uridine triphosphate (UTP) and the drug amiloride improved breathing and cleared mucus; neither UTP nor amiloride alone significantly improved symptoms, whereas their combination almost normalized lung function [19].

Uridine triphosphate in combination with sodium channel blockers relieved the symptoms of cystic fibrosis in mice [20].

In addition, uridine helped clear mucus in healthy human subjects, 15 patients with chronic mild bronchitis and 12 patients with primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD), a genetic disorder that interferes with the normal clearance of the airways [21, 22, 23].

Uridine reduced inflammation and scar formation in animal and human cells. In mouse lungs, it inhibited the synthesis of collagen and TGF-β, thereby preventing the growth of scar tissue [24].

The results are encouraging, but due to the low number of clinical trials, there is insufficient evidence to support the use of uridine. Further studies in larger populations are needed to confirm their results.

Uridine may reduce respiratory mucus and facilitate breathing. In small clinical trials, symptoms of lung diseases such as cystic fibrosis and bronchitis have improved.

5. HIV-related problems

One study found that HIV-infected patients have lower levels of uridine in their blood than healthy people [25].

HIV-infected patients need to take antiretroviral drugs to control the infection. Over time, these drugs cause an alarming loss of fat in the face, arms, buttocks and legs. 

165 HIV-infected patients who took uridine supplements for 24 weeks showed an increase in limb fat. However, this effect disappeared after one year. Higher doses may have been needed. Or the patients may simply have been exposed to antiretrovirals for too long [26].

Long-term antiretroviral treatment has a toxic effect on mitochondria. In one human study, uridine was found to protect against mitochondrial toxicity from antiretrovirals. This finding is supported by several cell studies [27, 28].

Whether uridine is effective in preventing adverse effects of anti-HIV drugs should be confirmed in further clinical trials.

HIV patients have less uridine in their blood. Uridine supplementation may help prevent mitochondrial toxicity and fat loss due to HIV drugs, but more clinical trials are needed.

6. Dry eyes

Dry eye syndrome, which affects up to 20% of adults, results in inadequate natural tear production, leading to inflammation of the ocular surface. In a small study involving 27 people with this syndrome, taking uridine supplements effectively restored tear production [29].

A single clinical study cannot be considered as sufficient evidence to support such use. More studies in larger populations are needed before concluding that uridine helps improve dry eye syndrome.

7. Sleep aid

Uridine is normally found in breast milk. In 30 infants with sleep disturbances, sleep quality improved when they were fed uridine-5′-phosphate, tryptophan and adenosine-5′-phosphate fortified cereals. When infants ate uridine-enriched cereals at bedtime, they had a much higher quality of sleep and were less likely to wake during the night [30, 31].

Uridine monophosphate (UMP) has also been shown to help improve sleep in adults, but more research is needed to confirm its usefulness. In rats, uridine promotes slow-wave (deep) sleep, which is the most restorative phase of sleep [32, 33].

Again, very few studies have been conducted on the use of uridine as a sleep aid. More clinical trials are needed to draw more accurate conclusions.

8. Heart disease

Oxygen deficiency can cause heart damage. This occurs when the arteries supplying oxygen to the heart are partially or completely blocked, usually by fatty plaques [34].

In a study in rats, uridine normalized the heart rhythm by activating energy metabolism. The most effective was in the form of uridine-5′-monophosphate (UMP) [35].

By activating P2Y2 receptors, uridine may also improve heart health. In a combined animal and cell study, P2Y2 receptor activation increased blood flow and improved blood pressure [36].

Uridine may maintain normal heart rhythm and improve cardiac blood flow, but studies in humans are lacking.

9. Liver regeneration

People who receive a liver transplant often have to take immunosuppressive drugs to prevent graft rejection, but these drugs reduce the liver's ability to regenerate. In rats, uridine improved liver regeneration after liver transplantation. It completely restored normal liver growth [37].

In the short term, uridine protected animals from drug-induced liver damage. It appears to act as a "rescue" supplement that enhances regeneration during high stress. It is used by the body as a building block for DNA, RNA and other important molecules.

However, long-term chronic use of uridine can be harmful. In mice, prolonged administration of uridine worsened liver function and caused insulin resistance [38].

For more information on the use and dosing of uridine in humans, see the blog Uridine dosing and use.

To date, there have been no studies investigating the effects of uridine on human liver health.

Uridine may improve liver regeneration in the short term, but in the long term it may cause liver damage. Its effects on human liver health are still unknown.

Animal and cell studies (lack of evidence)

Studies are ongoing on other potential health benefits of uridine. As the studies are still in animals and cells, we cannot conclude with certainty that the effects will be the same in humans.

Medical Disclaimer

The information provided in our articles is solely for educational purposes and should not be considered medical advice or instruction. No action or inaction should be taken based solely on the contents of this information. Readers should consult their health care professional on any matter related to their health and well-being. The information and opinions provided here are believed to be accurate and sound, based on the best judgment available to the authors, but readers who fail to consult with appropriate health authorities assume the risk of any injuries. The publisher is not responsible for errors or omissions.

Please be aware that different countries may have specific regulations and that this disclaimer does not replace the need for consultation with a healthcare provider before beginning or changing a treatment or supplement regimen. The information contained in this article is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. Individual results may vary.

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